ESSAY of POETRY ANALYSIS Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of POETRY ANALYSIS - Essay Example Notice how the creator unpretentiously utilizes the word ‘try’ toward the start of the title. The announcement appears to be progressively similar to a delicate request, an incitement with respect to the creator toward casualties and individuals influenced by the catastrophe (Zagajewski) †connotes how we should find excellence in the midst of the horde events, so appalling and ravaging, of situations and frameworks, yet in addition of the texture of inward congruity. There is a natural idealism and avoidance in the topic of the title. Zagajewski discusses ‘praise’ and not simple resistance. This suggests there is a need to rise above conditions, and through amazing quality harmony is discovered, regardless of how apparently harmed or ‘mutilated’ the conditions or condition may appear. There is an inference to â€Å"June’s ‘long’ days† moving one to a second before, when there was relaxation and a feeling of happiness. A practically arousing picture is being painted, wherein ‘wild strawberries, drops of wine, the dew’ (Zagajewski) all join to make an encounter of magnificence and extreme extravagance in life’s better viewpoints. The tone is turns marginally gloomy, where there is a reference to â€Å"nettles that systematically overgrow† (Zagajewski) Nettles are blooming plants, yet additionally have stinging hairs on their stems. While the bother produces something as excellent as a bloom, it additionally has the shrouded capability of murdering and annihilation. There is a ramifications here that, the world, regardless of how ‘toxic’ is loaded up with pockets of ‘flowers’ and it is dependent upon us to recognize and concentrate on that which is wonderful on the planet. The reiteration of the title here has a suggestion of a guidance. This stanza demonstrates the dualities, the contrary energies, and the indivisible disaster in extravagance. â€Å"†¦.stylish yachts and ships† (Zagajewski) are pictures used to either account for themselves in the entirety of their lavishness, or speak to the individuals in extravagant suits and workplaces in the WTC, not long before the 9/11

Importance Of Cost Control In Construction Projects

Significance Of Cost Control In Construction Projects The reason for this report is to clarify the significance of cost control in development undertakings and its capacity. The Cost Control is a significant procedure in development venture. It is generally drilled by contractual workers and necessities to complete for the duration of the life of task. The primary goal of cost control of a task is to pick up the most extreme benefit inside the assigned period inside the spending plan. To screen and control real consumption against the evaluated venture spending plan. The venture financial plan is spoken to by the delicate cost/contract aggregate. As indicated by Nunnally (1998), cost control of a venture includes the estimating and gathering the cost record of an undertaking and the work progress. It likewise includes the examination of genuine advancement with the arranging. The primary target of cost control of an undertaking is to pick up the most extreme benefit inside the assigned period and agreeable nature of work. An efficient system of cost control will give a decent outcome in gathering significant information in assessing and controlling of the expense of the coming ventures in future. In the wake of setting up the reports dependent on the genuine costs, it is critical to appropriate the rest of the spending plan for the future time frames and gauge or re-gauge the expense of the work yet to be finished. Any new data must consider since the initiation of agreements. It is essential to guarantee that there ought not be any under case or over case of the work done. This is required to keep up a consistent income. Likewise it helps the customer and the temporary worker to deal with their consumption and pay. The cost control procedures by and large utilized in development ventures are: Cost Value Reconciliation, Control of Project Cash stream, Break  ¿Ã¢ ½ Even Analysis, Budgetary Control, and Contractors cost Control, Cost Comparison, Schedule Control and Asset Register 2. Presentation The cost control is a procedure that ought to be proceeded through the development time frame to guarantee that the expense of the structure is kept inside the concurred cost limits. The cost control can be partitioned into significant regions: the control of cost during configuration stages and the control of cost by the temporary workers once the development venture has begun. As per Nunnaly (1998), cost control of ventures includes the estimating and gathering the cost record of an undertaking and the work progress. It includes the examination of real advancement with the arranging. The primary points of the cost control: a) To pick up the most extreme benefit inside the assigned period inside the financial plan. b) To keep the absolute use inside the sum concurred by customer, often dependent on inexact gauge of cost arranged by the amount assessor in the beginning periods of the structure procedure. There is a requirement for exacting cost discipline thought all phases of plan and execution to guarantee that the underlying appraisal, delicate figure and last record entirety all are firmly related. c) To give the structure customer great incentive for cash  ¿Ã¢ ½ a structure which is sufficiently developed, of palatable appearance and appropriate to play out the capacities for which it is required, joined with prudent development and format. d) To accomplish a decent and coherent dispersion of the accessible assets between the different pieces of the structure. The cost controlling framework we can use as an apparatus for evaluating the new activities dependent on past experience. To win another task As an amount assessor for a development organization to investigate this undertaking, I have begun with perusing course books to get hypothetical comprehension of the subject. From that point I have examined the method of cost control with my partner and administrators to get commonsense information on this application. 3. WHAT IS COST CONTROL? Controlling what amount is spent on a specific thing on venture. Anything over a specific sum needs endorsement of more significant position authority The way toward controlling the costs of cost in a venture, from the beginning of client⠿â ½s thought to the finishing and last installment on location A functioning procedure to control the reasons for the cost changes, to archive those cost changes, and to screen cost vacillations inside the undertaking 4. Explanation OF FACTS IN COST CONTROL As indicated by Nunnally (1998), cost control of a task includes the estimating and gathering the cost record of a venture and the work progress. It additionally includes the examination of real advancement with the arranging. The primary goal of cost control of a task is to pick up the greatest benefit inside the assigned period and good nature of work. An orderly strategy of cost control will give a decent outcome in gathering significant information in assessing and controlling of the expense of the coming undertakings in future. 5. THE PURPOSE OF COST CONTROL To screen and control real consumption against the evaluated venture spending plan The undertaking financial plan is spoken to by the delicate cost/contract total. 6. THE IMPORTANCE OF COST CONTROL There has lately been extraordinary requirement for a comprehension of development financial matters and cost control, especially during the structure phase of tasks. The significance of this due to a great extent to the accompanying:- * The expanded pace of improvement all in all has brought about customers being less inclined to endure delays brought about by overhauling structures when tenders are excessively high. * The clients⠿â ½ prerequisites today are more mind boggling than those of their Victorian partners. A progressively successful arrangement of control is accordingly attractive from commencement up to the finishing of the last record, and from there on during cost-being used. * The customers of the business frequently speak to enormous associations and budgetary organizations. This is an aftereffect of takeovers, mergers and some open possession. De-nationalization has frequently implied that these enormous associations stay unblemished as a solitary element. There has along these lines been an expanded accentuation on responsibility in both the general population and the private divisions of industry. The productivity of these associations at development work is just in the same class as their counselors. * Contractor⠿â ½s net revenues have in genuine terms been diminished extensively during the previous decade. This brought about their more prominent cost-cognizance trying to change potential misfortunes and stay serious. * There has, when all is said in done, been move towards the end of waste, and a more noteworthy accentuation on the effective utilization of the world⠿â ½s rare assets. This has required a craving for improved techniques for determining and control of expenses. * There is a general pattern towards more noteworthy cost-viability, and along these lines a need to look at development cost, not exclusively with regards to starting expenses, yet as far as entire life costs. * World downturn has commonly created a lack of assets for capital purposes and development all in all. This has been combined with high swelling and intrigue charges, bringing about an expansion in the expense of development. In spite of the fact that the relative expenses contrasted and different wares might be comparable, the evident significant expenses have brought about more prominent alert, especially with respect to customers. 7. POST  ¿Ã¢ ½ CONTRACT COST CONTROL Venture cost control initiates at venture commencement stage by the customer. From there on costs are controlled ceaselessly and at each phase of the venture up to conclusion of the development contract. 8. THE PROJECT BUDGET For cost control on a venture, the development plan and the related income appraisals can give the standard reference to ensuing undertaking checking and control. For plans, progress on singular exercises and the accomplishment of achievement consummations can be contrasted with the venture plan with screen the advancement of exercises. The last itemized quote gives a benchmark to the appraisal of budgetary execution during the undertaking. To the degree that expenses are inside the itemized quote, the task is viewed as under money related control. Invades specifically cost classes signal the chance of issues and give a sign of precisely what issues are being experienced. Costs situated development arranging and control center upon the classes remembered for the last point by point cost estimation/cost plan arranged by the contractual workers. For cost control observing reason, the first detail quote is normally changed over to a task spending plan, and the venture financial plan is utilized accordingly as a guide for the board. Explicit things in the nitty gritty quote become work cost components. Costs caused over the span of the undertaking are recorded in explicit employment cost records to be contrasted and the first quote in every classification. Notwithstanding costs, data on material use and work information sources and productivities inside each cost code is likewise commonly observed in the undertaking spending plan. With this data, real materials use and work utilized can be contrasted with the normal prerequisites. Thus, cost invades or investment funds on specific things can be recognized as because of changes in unit value, work efficiency or in the measure of material expended. The quantity of cost code related with a specific undertaking can differ extensively. For temporary workers, on the request for 400 separate cost records may be utilized on a venture. In creating or actualizing an arrangement of cost accounts/cost codes a fitting numbering or coding framework is basic to encourage correspondence of data and legitimate collection of cost data. Specific cost accounts are utilized to show the consumptions related with the particular undertakings and to demonstrate the uses on specific thing all through an association. Cost coding is likewise utilized for contrasting the financial plan and genuine use, which is regularly alluded to as cost/esteem compromise. Test of material demand structure demonstrating the cost code with the remittance and remaining permit

Life during finals season

Life during finals season 9 AM: Departure from Mattress, Top Bunk, 212 Random Hall, Cambridge, MA 02139. Please mail excess pillows to address above. 9:20 AM: Conduct first-hand research on the process by which humans die by freezing. Selected approach is to go for a long run in sub-zero weather and the sort of wind chill that eats Jack London novels for breakfast. 10:00 AM: Toast, hummus, crushed olives. High-fiber cereal. Soymilk. 10:20 AM: Start studying physics. 12:05 PM: Pretzels leftover from Katelyns fondue study break on the previous eve. Half-priced sunburst tangerine from the organic supermarket down the street. Granola bar of unknown provenance. 12:30 PM: Resume consumption of knowledge. 3:30 PM: Study break! I decide that I can afford to treat myself to quality relaxation time, so I spend half an hour writing my undergraduate research (UROP) proposal*. Its like yoga for the brain cells. (*In the past two days, Ive been taking study breaks to the limit. Unfortunately, this appears to be the limit of absurdity as fun approaches zero. Recent themes of mine have been the 250% Vitamin A Study Break, during which I ate carrot sticks, the Turn on My Calculator Study Break, during which I applied pressure to the On button, and the Blog for MIT Admissions Study Break, which really, really sucked. Just kidding on the last one. Once, I also took a study break from studying biology by studying chemistry.) 4:00 PM: Study: The Return of the Coursework comes out in theatres. I go for the IMAX experience, so to speak. 5:00 PM: French toast for dinner. I underestimate the absorbency of bread, or overestimate the viscosity of eggs. I drink soup from a can, except that this is semantically misleading because I actually poured it into a bowl before drinking it. Finished off with more pretzels. Classy. 5:40 PM: I go on a spontaneous ski trip in New Hampshire and fall down a slope and break my collarbone on a large, protruding rock. (Not really. I studied.) 6:10 PM: Naptime. Tonight, my subconscious is in a recursive mood. I dream that I fell asleep and woke up at 2:23 AM. “I should have woken up earlier,” I thought. At this stage in the dream, I immediately wake up in real life, clutching a cell phone that reads 8:07 PM. 8:10 PM: I resume my glorious pursuit of infinite knowledge. 9:20 PM: Blog. After which I will travel across the land, searching far and wide, teach Pokemon to understand the power thats inside, Pokemon! / Gotta catch em all . . . I mean, study. (To be fair, Random Hall smothers its residents with group dinners, desserts, massages, daily breakfasts, and even wake-up calls upon request as they descend into the level of Hell reserved for final exams. If not for the onslaught of tests next week, this weekend would be the cherry lovingly dropped on top of the semester sundae. As is, its the pits. Pun intended, as always.) Famous last words: I send my dearest wishes to all the EA applicants! Please, try not to explode. EDIT: 3:10 AM: Just finished studying. The power goes out. Bedtime is postponed another half hour while I join the rest of Random Hall in playing with glowsticks and running around various floors pretending to be zombies. I also draft a plan to steal back my floors bowls from the fourth floor while the lights are off, but Expedition Dinnerware: Total Stealth fails due to lack of volunteers. This is the highlight of my day.

Thes Ninth Symphony As Ideological Or Political - 1693 Words

Candidate number: GDYL5 Total amount of words: 1699 ELCS6060 – Hearing Culture(s): Contextualised soundscapes of Europe (1770-1914) 1. Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony As Ideological Or Political. If there is one piece of music that has been discussed and used more than any other is Beethoven’s ninth Symphony. From political meetings to sport matches, Beethoven’s piece has been used for all kinds of purposes and by a wide variety of people, and it always seems to be supporting whatever ideas whoever uses it has. In this essay I intend to deepen into the various ideological and political environments in which the piece has been played and to explain why it has been a reference for several different ideologies and ideas, especially focusing on the 20th Century. After a seven-year hiatus, including the war, in 1953 a significant number of the most important politicians in Europe gathered together in West Germany to hear the re-opening of the Bayreuth Festival. The piece played that night was Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, and it doesn’t seem to be a random choice. The last of Beethoven’s symphonies seems to appeal to all kinds of people in all ideologies. The Ode To Joy in the last movement of the piece talks about brotherhood and harmony among all people. This message can be approached from any point of view and still make it support one’s ideologies. In this occasion it was seen as a celebration of the new unified Western Europe after the

Cellphones and Digital Networks Free Essays

Cell phones have been around for nearly 15 years and are now everywhere you look. Over a quarter of Americans and a half of Europeans own cell phones and the numbers have been increasing exponentially. With the continuing increase in technology cell phones have become smaller, cheaper, and thanks to the move from analog to digital the calls are much clearer. We will write a custom essay sample on Cellphones and Digital Networks or any similar topic only for you Order Now They offer a great amount of convenience, and can be very economically for the busy businessman on the go. Advancements in cell phones are always being made, giving a clearer sound and lighter feel, as well as a longer life. The cell phone industry has been one of the fastest growing in the world. The electronics are fairly simple, but they are so small that they are truly and engineering marvel. This paper will discuss in depth the many different components of the average cell phone, and talk about how it converts your voice into something that can be sent through a digital network. The paper will also look at how the inner workings allow for a phone to act as a microcomputer, with Internet access, address books, and even games. Finally, it will review the many exciting ideas for this growing market and look to the future of the industry, and how the industry plans on overcoming various limiting factors. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, 18 years later Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined to create the cellular craze. In the 80’s few people used radiophones, these phones were the precursor to cellular, but they had several limiting factors preventing them from every becoming a major part of everyday society. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per major city, and no more than 25 channels available on that tower. Each phone needed a powerful transmitter, big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many people could use radiotelephones due to the lack of channels. With the current cellular system any none adjacent cell can use the same frequency, so the amount of phones that can be used are nearly limitless. These cells also mean that each phone does not need a strong transmitter, so the phone can be a lot smaller. With the innovation of digital phones, many great features are now available, such as caller id, Internet access, and several other new features. It also meant that the phone would need a microprocessor to convert from analog to digital, this complicated the circuitry, but left it with new technology available the industry was able to make the phone as small as possible. The only restriction in size became the user-input devices, and the screen size. Usefulness of the Digital Cell Phone The digital cellular phone offers many advantages to today†s society. The conveniences that it offers over simply not having one are obvious and they vary from person to person. But there are many advantages over other types of phones as well. The cellular phone not only allows people to communicate with others while they are on the go, but it also offers many other features to help people. With the services that digital provides, people can access email and find information almost anywhere in the world for a reasonable fee. In the future, as the integration of phones and computers grow, people will be able to access tutorials in the field, and use them to communicate with specialists saving a great amount of time for many researchers. Today digital cell phones, such as the one shown in Appendix C figure 1, can process millions of calculations per second in order to compress and decompress the voice stream. In order to do this each phone is equipped with a circuit board that contains many different chips. The circuit board of a common phone is shown in Appendix C figure 2. Two chips described earlier are the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion chips that translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. There is also a Digital Signal Processor that is highly customized processor designed to perform signal manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor controls the keyboard and display and deals with command and control signaling with the base station, it also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board. This microprocessor is as powerful as the super computer of the 70’s that took up whole rooms, but is now the size of a finger. By using its arithmetic/logic unit or ALU it can perform all mathematical operation that run many of today features in phones. It is also responsible for the transfer of data throughout the phone. It will also make decisions and then run a new set of instructions. In Appendix C figure 3 a very simple microprocessor is shown. Cell phones use microprocessors that are much more complex, but the use the same idea. The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone’s operating system and customizable features, such as the directory and various simple games. (Appendix C figure 4) The RF and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels. Finally, the Radio Frequency amplifiers handle signals in and out of the antenna. The Radio Frequency amplifier is the same device as you would find in your car’s radio. The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features offered by cell phones has increased. Most phones currently available offer built-in phone directories, calculators and even games. It some new products that will be discussed later, cell phone counter as PDA’s offering very large screen and offer all of the benefit you would find in today’s hand held computers. The display is a liquid crystal display (LCD). It is made of thousands of tiny crystals with two possible colors. They have recently announced that they will be offering color screens on some new phones that work like the display of a laptop computer. Very small speakers and microphones, about the size of a dime, amplify the analog waves. These devices are just like that of a portable radio and the microphones used on television talk shows. They are both wired to the microprocessor. In order for digital cell phones to take advantage of the added capacity and clearer quality, they must convert your voice into binary information. This means that it must break it down to 1’s and 0’s. The reason that this is so advantageous is that unlike analog, digital is either on or off, 1 or 0, instead of oscillating between the two. For the conversion, the device must first record an analog wave, such as the one in Appendix B figure 1. To create the highest fidelity possible, it records number to represent the wave, instead of the wave itself as represented in Appendix B figure 2. The cell phones analog-to-digital converter, a device that is also found in a CD player, does this process. On the other end a separate digital-to-analog converter is used for playback. The quality of transfer depends on the sampling rate, that controls how many samples are taken per second, and the sampling precision. The precision controls how many different levels are possible in the sample. The better these two are the clearer the sound, but it takes a higher speed processor and requires a greater amount of data transfer. In Appendix B the benefits are shown in figure 3. Most common digital cellular systems use Frequency Shift Keying to send data back and forth. This system uses one frequency for 1’s and another for 0’s and rapidly switching between the two. This requires optimal modulation and encoding schemes for recording, compressing, sending, and then decoding without loss of quality. Because of this digital phones contain an amazing amount of processing power. The cellular network is web of towers covering areas, generally thought of as hexagonal cells as shown in APPENDIX A Figure 1. The genius of the cellular system is because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, so the same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. Each cell is about 10 square miles and has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. As more people join the cellular world, companies are quickly adding more towers to accommodate them. Every digital carrier is assigned different frequencies, an average carrier may get about 2400 frequencies per city, and this number is about three times the amount as analog. The reason that more channels are available is because digital data can be compressed and manipulated much easier than analog. Each tower uses one seventh of the available frequencies, so none of the surrounding 6 towers interfere. The cell phone uses two frequencies per call, called a duplex channel. The duplex channel allows one channel to be used for listening and the other for talking, so unlike a CB or walkie-talkie, both people can talk at the same time. This system currently allows for about 168 people to talk in each cell, for each system. The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city of any size, but because so many people are using cell phones, costs remain low per user. Every cell phone has a special code associated with it, called an electronic serial number (ESN). It is a unique 32-bit number programmed into the phone when it is manufactured. When the phone is activated another five digit code called a system identification code (SID), a unique 5 digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the FCC, is imprinted in the phones memory. When you first power up a cell phone, it checks a control channel to find the SID. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range, and displays a no service message. After finding the SID, the phones check to see if it matches the SID programmed in the phone, and if it does not match it knows that the phone is roaming. The central location that the cell phone is registered to keeps track of the cell that your phone is in, so that it can find you when someone calls the phone. When the phone is turned on it sends its ESN to the control channel. If the phone goes out of range, it will take a short while to locate your phone when it enters back into service. This can cause loss of calls, even though the phone is in service, but this problem is very temporary. When someone does call your phone it is sent to the central tower called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). This office is continually communicating with the cell phone. It sends and receives the calls, as well as telling it what frequencies to use. This is all done through the control channel, so it does not impair any calls. As you move toward the edge of your cell, the cell’s tower will see that your signal strength is diminishing. At the same time, the base station in the cell you are moving toward, which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, will be able to see your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. There are three common technologies used by cell phone providers. These are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In FDMA every call is done on a separate frequency. FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of bandwidth. This is very similar to the way that radio stations operate. Each station is assigned a signal at a different frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission, so it is slowly being phased out. It is capable of carrying digital information, but it is not considered an efficient method for digital transmission. Time Division Multiple Access gives each call a certain amount of time on a frequency. The Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Association use TDMA. In TDMA, a narrow bandwidth that is 30 kHz wide and 6. 7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots. (Appendix D, figure 1) Each conversation gets the radio frequency for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels. TDMA systems operate in either the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz frequency bands. Some phones have the ability to switch between bands. This function is called simply Dual-Band, and is important when traveling between different band frequencies. TDMA is also the access technology for Global System for Mobile communications. The Global system uses different frequencies in different areas of the world and is not compatible with other TDMA systems. GSM operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz band in the United States. GSM systems use encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. In covered areas, cell-phone-users can buy one phone that will work anywhere else the standard is supported. To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries, GSM-users simply switch SIM cards. SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones. They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need to access a particular wireless service provider. Unfortunately, the 1900 MHz GSM phones used in the United States are not compatible with the international system. How to cite Cellphones and Digital Networks, Essay examples

Cellphones and Digital Networks Free Essays

Cell phones have been around for nearly 15 years and are now everywhere you look. Over a quarter of Americans and a half of Europeans own cell phones and the numbers have been increasing exponentially. With the continuing increase in technology cell phones have become smaller, cheaper, and thanks to the move from analog to digital the calls are much clearer. We will write a custom essay sample on Cellphones and Digital Networks or any similar topic only for you Order Now They offer a great amount of convenience, and can be very economically for the busy businessman on the go. Advancements in cell phones are always being made, giving a clearer sound and lighter feel, as well as a longer life. The cell phone industry has been one of the fastest growing in the world. The electronics are fairly simple, but they are so small that they are truly and engineering marvel. This paper will discuss in depth the many different components of the average cell phone, and talk about how it converts your voice into something that can be sent through a digital network. The paper will also look at how the inner workings allow for a phone to act as a microcomputer, with Internet access, address books, and even games. Finally, it will review the many exciting ideas for this growing market and look to the future of the industry, and how the industry plans on overcoming various limiting factors. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, 18 years later Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined to create the cellular craze. In the 80’s few people used radiophones, these phones were the precursor to cellular, but they had several limiting factors preventing them from every becoming a major part of everyday society. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per major city, and no more than 25 channels available on that tower. Each phone needed a powerful transmitter, big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many people could use radiotelephones due to the lack of channels. With the current cellular system any none adjacent cell can use the same frequency, so the amount of phones that can be used are nearly limitless. These cells also mean that each phone does not need a strong transmitter, so the phone can be a lot smaller. With the innovation of digital phones, many great features are now available, such as caller id, Internet access, and several other new features. It also meant that the phone would need a microprocessor to convert from analog to digital, this complicated the circuitry, but left it with new technology available the industry was able to make the phone as small as possible. The only restriction in size became the user-input devices, and the screen size. Usefulness of the Digital Cell Phone The digital cellular phone offers many advantages to today†s society. The conveniences that it offers over simply not having one are obvious and they vary from person to person. But there are many advantages over other types of phones as well. The cellular phone not only allows people to communicate with others while they are on the go, but it also offers many other features to help people. With the services that digital provides, people can access email and find information almost anywhere in the world for a reasonable fee. In the future, as the integration of phones and computers grow, people will be able to access tutorials in the field, and use them to communicate with specialists saving a great amount of time for many researchers. Today digital cell phones, such as the one shown in Appendix C figure 1, can process millions of calculations per second in order to compress and decompress the voice stream. In order to do this each phone is equipped with a circuit board that contains many different chips. The circuit board of a common phone is shown in Appendix C figure 2. Two chips described earlier are the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion chips that translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. There is also a Digital Signal Processor that is highly customized processor designed to perform signal manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor controls the keyboard and display and deals with command and control signaling with the base station, it also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board. This microprocessor is as powerful as the super computer of the 70’s that took up whole rooms, but is now the size of a finger. By using its arithmetic/logic unit or ALU it can perform all mathematical operation that run many of today features in phones. It is also responsible for the transfer of data throughout the phone. It will also make decisions and then run a new set of instructions. In Appendix C figure 3 a very simple microprocessor is shown. Cell phones use microprocessors that are much more complex, but the use the same idea. The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone’s operating system and customizable features, such as the directory and various simple games. (Appendix C figure 4) The RF and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels. Finally, the Radio Frequency amplifiers handle signals in and out of the antenna. The Radio Frequency amplifier is the same device as you would find in your car’s radio. The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features offered by cell phones has increased. Most phones currently available offer built-in phone directories, calculators and even games. It some new products that will be discussed later, cell phone counter as PDA’s offering very large screen and offer all of the benefit you would find in today’s hand held computers. The display is a liquid crystal display (LCD). It is made of thousands of tiny crystals with two possible colors. They have recently announced that they will be offering color screens on some new phones that work like the display of a laptop computer. Very small speakers and microphones, about the size of a dime, amplify the analog waves. These devices are just like that of a portable radio and the microphones used on television talk shows. They are both wired to the microprocessor. In order for digital cell phones to take advantage of the added capacity and clearer quality, they must convert your voice into binary information. This means that it must break it down to 1’s and 0’s. The reason that this is so advantageous is that unlike analog, digital is either on or off, 1 or 0, instead of oscillating between the two. For the conversion, the device must first record an analog wave, such as the one in Appendix B figure 1. To create the highest fidelity possible, it records number to represent the wave, instead of the wave itself as represented in Appendix B figure 2. The cell phones analog-to-digital converter, a device that is also found in a CD player, does this process. On the other end a separate digital-to-analog converter is used for playback. The quality of transfer depends on the sampling rate, that controls how many samples are taken per second, and the sampling precision. The precision controls how many different levels are possible in the sample. The better these two are the clearer the sound, but it takes a higher speed processor and requires a greater amount of data transfer. In Appendix B the benefits are shown in figure 3. Most common digital cellular systems use Frequency Shift Keying to send data back and forth. This system uses one frequency for 1’s and another for 0’s and rapidly switching between the two. This requires optimal modulation and encoding schemes for recording, compressing, sending, and then decoding without loss of quality. Because of this digital phones contain an amazing amount of processing power. The cellular network is web of towers covering areas, generally thought of as hexagonal cells as shown in APPENDIX A Figure 1. The genius of the cellular system is because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, so the same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. Each cell is about 10 square miles and has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. As more people join the cellular world, companies are quickly adding more towers to accommodate them. Every digital carrier is assigned different frequencies, an average carrier may get about 2400 frequencies per city, and this number is about three times the amount as analog. The reason that more channels are available is because digital data can be compressed and manipulated much easier than analog. Each tower uses one seventh of the available frequencies, so none of the surrounding 6 towers interfere. The cell phone uses two frequencies per call, called a duplex channel. The duplex channel allows one channel to be used for listening and the other for talking, so unlike a CB or walkie-talkie, both people can talk at the same time. This system currently allows for about 168 people to talk in each cell, for each system. The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city of any size, but because so many people are using cell phones, costs remain low per user. Every cell phone has a special code associated with it, called an electronic serial number (ESN). It is a unique 32-bit number programmed into the phone when it is manufactured. When the phone is activated another five digit code called a system identification code (SID), a unique 5 digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the FCC, is imprinted in the phones memory. When you first power up a cell phone, it checks a control channel to find the SID. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range, and displays a no service message. After finding the SID, the phones check to see if it matches the SID programmed in the phone, and if it does not match it knows that the phone is roaming. The central location that the cell phone is registered to keeps track of the cell that your phone is in, so that it can find you when someone calls the phone. When the phone is turned on it sends its ESN to the control channel. If the phone goes out of range, it will take a short while to locate your phone when it enters back into service. This can cause loss of calls, even though the phone is in service, but this problem is very temporary. When someone does call your phone it is sent to the central tower called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). This office is continually communicating with the cell phone. It sends and receives the calls, as well as telling it what frequencies to use. This is all done through the control channel, so it does not impair any calls. As you move toward the edge of your cell, the cell’s tower will see that your signal strength is diminishing. At the same time, the base station in the cell you are moving toward, which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, will be able to see your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. There are three common technologies used by cell phone providers. These are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In FDMA every call is done on a separate frequency. FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of bandwidth. This is very similar to the way that radio stations operate. Each station is assigned a signal at a different frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission, so it is slowly being phased out. It is capable of carrying digital information, but it is not considered an efficient method for digital transmission. Time Division Multiple Access gives each call a certain amount of time on a frequency. The Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Association use TDMA. In TDMA, a narrow bandwidth that is 30 kHz wide and 6. 7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots. (Appendix D, figure 1) Each conversation gets the radio frequency for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels. TDMA systems operate in either the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz frequency bands. Some phones have the ability to switch between bands. This function is called simply Dual-Band, and is important when traveling between different band frequencies. TDMA is also the access technology for Global System for Mobile communications. The Global system uses different frequencies in different areas of the world and is not compatible with other TDMA systems. GSM operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz band in the United States. GSM systems use encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. In covered areas, cell-phone-users can buy one phone that will work anywhere else the standard is supported. To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries, GSM-users simply switch SIM cards. SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones. They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need to access a particular wireless service provider. Unfortunately, the 1900 MHz GSM phones used in the United States are not compatible with the international system. How to cite Cellphones and Digital Networks, Essay examples

Accounting for Managers Contribution Margin

Question: Describe about the Accounting for Managers of Contribution Margin. Answer: Introduction: Management account is the process of preparing reports for management and accounts that provide accurate statistical information in time, required by managers to make day to day short term decisions. Management accounting reports show the available cash; sales revenue generated, accounts payable, accounts receivable, outstanding debts, raw materials, inventory, variance analysis and other statistics. The role of accounting is to support competitive decision making by communicating information that helps management plan, control and evaluate the business strategy. According to the (Roszkowska-HoÅ‚ysz, 2013). The ability to develop and use good management, accounting is an important ability for individuals, operation and marketing managers and information technologist. Management accounting plays a key role in organisations. Management accounting is significantly affected by dramatic improvements in computer technology. The current study attempts to evaluate the significance of management accounts in the fast food sector. It further attempts to scrutinise on the balance score card of Steve Roger's Delicacy. Various frameworks are determined to analyse the triple bottom line initiatives undertaken by the management. The theories like the Weighted Average Contribution Margin (WACM), Contribution Margin Ratio (CMR) are initiated to configure the sales lines approaches. Furthermore, the factors like the operating leverage, safety margin and the risk determined are examined to understand the financial efficacy of the chosen business. The entire analysis consists of forecasting for not only next year but also subsequent 2 more years. Balanced Score Card approach: The balanced scorecard approach is a strategic planning and management system that is used worldwide by industry and business, government and non-government organisation to improve internal and external communications, and monitor organisational performance against strategic goals. The approach is originated by Dr Robert Kaplan and David Norton. The balance scorecard approach incorporates the following points to measure a businesss viability. They are as follows: Customer/stakeholder perspective (satisfaction) The main objective of any business is to earn a profit. The profit is gained through lowering costs and increase revenue. The revenue will increase when sales increase, and sales increases when customer are satisfied with the end product. According to the Wilsey (2016), Steve Rogers restaurant should focus on customer satisfaction. The growth and stability of any business depend on the level of customer satisfaction it acquires. In the food, business satisfaction varies from customer to customer, for their varied tastes and preferences. Thus successful business depends on efficiently catering to the different needs of the customer in time. Internal business process Internal business process helps managers to evaluate how efficiently and effectively the business will run Sabry (2014). Employee satisfaction, proper working hours and condition, sanitised environment, etc. Thus internal business process or internal operations is of paramount importance in the smooth running of business. The food business requires utmost care, how the food is made and delivered to the customer, factoring in the time aspect throughout the process (Prez et al. 2013)). The objective of any food business is to earn customer satisfaction. Innovation and learning perspective (Organizational capacity) The smooth running of a business depends on an efficient workforce Shaughnessy (2010). Learning and innovation are great tools for building a skilled workforce. In the food industry, experience and training are crucial as it deals with people's health. The training of trainees should be detailed and proper, and innovation should play a significant role in the training process. Innovation enhances the skill of a worker together with learning. On the other hand, introducing employees with technologically high equipment increases their knowledge about the job (Quesada Gazo, 2007). Ethics is also a major part of the learning process; therefore appropriate ethical conduct helps to build a proper working environment and skilled workforce. Financial/Stewardship (Financial performance) As per the statement of (Pilcher Van Der Zahn, 2010)) the key objective of any business organisation is to maximise their profit, by lowering the cost and increasing sales, earning more revenue. The food industry is thriving nowadays, Steve Rogers restaurant should incorporate initial cost to be incurred, for raw materials, fixed asset, fixed variable cost, administrative and operational expense and marketing and promotional expense, before commencement of business to ascertain the profitability, growth and future prospect of the business. The above points can be explained from Figure 1 below: Figure 1: Balance score card approach (Source: balancedscorecard.org, 2016) Triple bottom line initiatives: According to the (Elenbaas (2015), the framework to measure corporate performance incorporates the triple bottom line approach. Sustainability is one of the goals of businesses, non-profit organisations and government organisations. The triple bottom line initiative underlines three dimensions of performance: Social Environmental Financial Triple bottom line approach differs from traditional reporting frameworks, as it includes environmental and social measures which are difficult to measure. Triple bottom line (TBL) initiatives are also called the three Ps (people, planet and profit). The sustainability of a company and its impact on the organisational world is greatly dependent on profitability, shareholders value, human and ecological factors. The dimensions of performance (social, environmental and financial) can further be elaborated by points stated below. Financial variables Financial variable are variables that deal with the flow of money in an organisation or this case, Steve Rogers restaurant. The business can look at various financial factors. Specific examples include: Personal income Cost of underemployment Establishment size Growth in job Employment distribution Revenue contributing to gross state profit Environmental measures Environmental variables should incorporate measurement of natural resources that reflects the businesses viability. The environmental measures should also factor in air and water quality, consumption of energy and natural resources and solid and toxic waste. Specific examples include Priority pollutants Electricity consumption Fossil fuel consumption Solid waste management Hazardous waste management Social measures Social measures include participation in the community, access to social resources, health, well-being and quality of life. Few vaUnemployment rate Female workforce participation rate Median household income Percentage of educated youth Average communication time Violent crimes per capita Figure 2: Triple Bottom Line Initiative (Source: Barter, 2015, 198) From the above explanation of the three dimensions, Steve Rogerss restaurants management can factor in few of the variable into its business plan to achieve sustainability and a promise of growth (Bohmholdt, 2014)). Sales budget for the products The sales budget contains an itemization of company's sales expectation for a period. The sale budget is presented in a monthly format. The calculation of sales budget is to itemise the unit sales expected in one row and list the expected unit price in the next row. The appendix below depicts the sales budget of two products, Barbecued Shrimp (A) and Sausage Rolls (B) for the FY 2016. It is assumed that the sales have been increasing gradually throughout the year, the price per unit for product A is assumed at $12, and a monthly breakup is shown for each product. The price per unit of product B is assumed at $10. From the appendix below, it is seen that product A (Barbecued Shrimp) contributes to a major portion of sales, which is 65% of total sales. Direct material budget is prepared to calculate the materials that must be purchased, to fulfil the requirements of the production budget. It is presented in either a monthly or quarterly format in the annual budget. According to the Shuai Tang (2014) the direct material budget for product A (Barbecued Shrimp) is significantly higher than product B (Sausage Rolls), it is because Barbecued shrimp enjoys a larger portion of sales margin compared to Sausage rolls. Due to the large sales volume of Barbecued shrimp, the volume of materials used is greater. The cost of materials for each unit in the materials budget is assumed to $1.50. Direct materials are traceable matter used in manufacturing process. The budgeted direct material for product A is $2,99,700 and for product B is $63,180. For both the products, the cost of each unit is assumed at $4.50 and $1.50 per unit for product A and B respectively. The direct labour budget is prepared to calculate the number of labour hours required to produce one unit of a product. The direct labour budget is useful for anticipating the number of employees needed to staff the manufacturing area throughout the budget period. From the appendix below it is seen that the budgeted labour cost is higher in the case of product A, compared to product B. This is due to the difference in sales volume of the two products. The labour hour per unit is assumed at $2 and the cost per labour hour is assumed at $3. Due to the higher sales volume of product A, the direct labour budget of product A is significantly higher than that of product B. Overhead budget shows the assumed cost of all production costs except direct material and direct labor cost. In the case of Steve Rogers Delicacy, overhead budget contains only administrative expense. According to the appendix below an overhead budget is created as a contingent budget, which is calculated at 1% of Administrative expense. The selling expense budget is prepared to estimate the selling expenses that will occur in a given period. From the appendix below, the selling expense budget of Steve Rogers Delicacy depicts expenses, assumed to be incurred over a year. It includes Commission at 2%, which is calculated on budgeted units of sales. This also includes Freight Charges of $200, Advertising of $1,000 and Other Selling Expenses of $500 per month. The administrative budget is prepared to identify the cost of running an operation that is not bound to producing a product or service. The budget provides the management with the power to exercise control over the day to day activities of the business. According to Mervis, 2016, the salaries of the administrative personnel are assumed at $10000 per month and Telecommunication, Repair and Maintenance, Supplies and Other Administrative Expenses are assumed at $150, $120, $500, $300 respectively on a monthly basis. The administrative expense budget for the year 2016 is calculated at $1,32,840 for both the products A and B. Administrative expense budget will also help Steve Rogers Delicacy to make prompt and precise decisions regarding the operation and smooth running of the business. The appendices appended below do not show the projected budget for 2nd and 3rd years. Income Statement shows such calculation. However, the assumption is that the all kind of expenses have increased by 10%, be it fixed cost and be it variable cost. Income statement: The income statement is a report that shows income, expense during a specific period and resulting profit or loss during the same period. It is the first financial statement prepared during the accounting cycle. From the appendix given below, it is noticed that Steve Roger's Delicacy has earned a profit of $26,224 (2%). The sustainability, viability and growth of a company depend on its profit earning capability. Steve Rogers Delicacy income state depicts a sound health of the business. Earning a profit results in investors interest in the business. Earning investors interest is beneficial for the business as it will help the business to expand and grow both financially and geographically by acquiring additional funds and by setting up new branches in new locations. This, in turn, will help the business to increase its goodwill, which ultimately will increase the market share of Steve Roger's Delicacy in the food industry. It has been assumed that the growth in revenue for 2nd year a nd 3rd year is 10% each. Consequently the revenue for 2nd year would be around $1,342,440 whereas the same was around $1,220,400 and the same for 3rd year would be around 1,476,684. It has also been assumed that the expenses will also grow at a steady rate of 10%, same as revenue. Therefore, the revised expenses for 2nd and 3rd year will stand at $13,13,594 and $14,44,953 respectively. Initially, the first years total expenses were $11,94,176. It may be inferred that due to the increase of expenses by 10% each year, profit has also increased by 10% each year. Weighted Average Contribution Margin Weighted Average Contribution Margin (WACM) is the average amounts that group of products contribute to paying the fixed cost of a business. WACMs main weakness is that the projections based on the average margin incorporate the assumption that the product mix sales and margin will apply in the future. The weighted average contribution margin is useful for calculating the number of units that must be sold to cover its fixed expenses. The analysis is also known as cost-volume-profit analysis. According to the Emokaro (2014) the above content can be explained by the appendix below, where the sales price per unit is taken $12 and $10 for product A and product B respectively. The contribution margin is calculated at $1.26 ($12-$10.74) for product A and $2.30 ($10-$7.70) for product B. From the above computation the proportion in product mix is calculated at 65% for product A and 35% for product B. Therefore the weighted average contribution margin of product A and product B is $1.66 (con tribution/unit multiplied by proportion in product mix of product A plus contribution/unit multiplied by proportion in product mix of product B). Contribution Margin Ratio Contribution Margin Ratio (CMR) The contribution margin measures how proficiently a company can manufacture products and maintain low levels of variable cost. It is also known as managerial ratio, as management incorporates this calculation to improve internal procedures in the production process. Contribution margin ratio is calculated by dividing contribution margin per unit by sales price per unit, this is done to analyze weather product A or product B is more profitable for the business. According to the appendix given below the contribution margin ratio of product A is 10.5% and product B is 23%. It means that production of product B will incur more profit compared to product A. Although the sales price per unit of product A is more ($12) than product B ($10), product A contributes less in the business, so it is advisable to stop the production of product A and increase the production of product B to increase profit. Here it may be noted that the Contribution Margin Ratio will increase by 10% each year in 2nd and 3rd year. This is because of the fact that the revenue has also increased by 10% and all the expenses including variable expenses have also increased by 10%. Therefore, the contribution per unit will also stand as before. However, the total sales will increase by 10% in terms of units. Revised proportion in product mix will remain same as before, both in terms of amount and units. Consequently revised WACM will increase by 10% and the same will stand at around 1.83 in 2nd year and at around 2.01 in 3rd year. Sales volume, breakeven points Sales volume in units with respect to breakeven point is the amount of product that needs to be produced or sold to cover total cost of production. In other words breakeven point in units refers to a no-profit no-loss situation. The above statement can also be explained by karimi Torghabeh et al (2014) as the total revenue generated is sufficient to cover the cost of production to arrive at a no-profit no-loss condition. Therefore, from the appendix below the break even sales volume in units are 92,950. This includes 56,940 units of Barbecued Shrimp and 36,011 units of Sausage Rolls. In other words, the break even sales would be $683,277 for Barbecued Shrimp and $360,106 of Sausage Rolls. Since the total sales for the first year is 1,08,720 consisting of 66,600 units of Barbecued Shrimp and 42,120 units of Sausage Rolls, it may be inferred that the break even volume will be achieved within the 1st year. Hence, the concept of break even point may not become relevant in subsequent year s. The breakeven sales volume can be formulated by dividing contribution in units by total fixed cost. It means if Steve Rogers produces one unit more than the breakeven sales volume unit, the company will gain a profit and if the company produces a unit less than the breakeven sales volume it will earn a loss. The breakeven point refers to the revenue needed to cover a companys total fixed and variable expenses during a specific time period. The breakeven is based on assumption that change in expenses of the company is related to change in its revenue. The breakeven point in sales dollars is formulated as fixed expenses divided by contribution margin ratio. Thus from the above explanation it can be incurred that if Steve Rogers Delicacy produces 56,940 units of Barbecued Shrimp (A) and 36,011 units of Sausage Rolls (B), the business will face a no-gain no-loss situation. In other words if the company sells a total of $10,43,383 it will neither gain a profit nor a loss. The operating leverage and safety margin The operating leverage is a measurement of degree to which a firm incurs fixed and variable cost says Hart Tzokas (2000). The company that makes sales with a high gross margin and few fixed and variable cost has much leverage. The operating leverage is used for calculating a companys breakeven point, substantially affecting profits by changing the pricing structure. From the appendix below degree of operating leverage (DOL) is calculated by multiplying total contribution of product A with net profit of product A. Therefore the operating leverage of Steve Rogers Delicacy is calculated at 6.89%. It means with one percent change in sales, the profit of Steve Rogers will change by 6.89%. In other words a degree of change in sales will affect the profit margin by the calculated degree of operating leverage. Since the total contribution and net profit also increase by same proportion i.e. 10%, the DOL ratio remains same. Business concerns are separate legal entities that solely focus on profitability. Businesses also suffer from risks and contingent liabilities, which may occur at any point of the businesses life span. Di Maio et al. (2016) states that for these unforeseen contingencies, any business concern that is at its inception will have to keep a safety margin for its financial safety and soundness. The concept of safety margin arises due to risks in the market that can hamper the smooth running of the business and its future viability (Sherry et al. 2013). According to the appendix below, a safety margin of $1,77,017 is calculated by subtracting revenue at breakeven point from total revenue of Steve Rogers Delicacy. In other words the safety margin is the excess of revenue earned over the breakeven point sales volume. (Ofileanu, Bumbescu 2014) states that safety margin is a mandatory concept in business concerns. The margin of safety (MOS) increases in the 2nd and 3rd year. The MOS will be $2 99,057 in the 2nd year and $433,301 in the 3rd year. Critical Evaluation: The food industry is one of the most flourishing businesses nowadays. Jingjing, (2015) states that people love to eat, and love to surprise their taste buds. Steve Rogers Delicacy should try different mediums in selling their products. Mobile food vehicles are one of the most efficient, easy to reach, easy to handle modes of selling food. They reach a variety of customers in a short period with low operating cost and overhead expenses. According to (Love PhD, 2012), the expansion of business in different areas may prove profitable, keeping in mind customers taste and preferences. Steve Roger's Delicacy should expand its business through online services, catering to customers who like to have their food delivered to their doorsteps. The amount of revenue a business earns depends on few factors that are, the location the business where it is settled, customer taste and preferences and availability of cheap labour. The main objective of an organisation is to earn a profit. The business should perform a market survey, keeping in mind the concept of profitability, to get an idea of customer taste and preferences to a get an estimate about the forecasted profitability and sustainability of the business. According to (Wang et al. 2010) Steve Rogers Delicacy should incorporate canter van services in their business to reach customers beyond their vicinity. Steve Rogers should also include more variety of food items in their menu, to serve to a larger customer base. The increase in customer base will increase the sales volume, resulting in increased profitability. To ensure the continuous and smooth running of Steve Roger's Delicacy the business should take into consideration few factors. The business outlet (restaurant) should be presentable visually to attract more customers. The quality of food should meet high standards, keeping in mind the price quoted. The price should not be too high, as it, may discourage customers, owing to the high priced menu. The infrastructure of the restaurant should be eye-catching so as to attract more customers. The (Henrekson, 2014) states that for any business to flourish, it has to look presentable, as the first impression is the last impression. The quality of food is important, as customer tastes and preferences vary, the profitability and sustainability of the business will depend on the quality of food prepared. Also, the employee must be well dressed and well mannered, so as to cater to a variety of customers. Decision making is a daily activity for any business organisation. The process of decision is a habit and a process as well. The profit or loss of a business depends on effective and successful decision making. According to the (Lusardi, 2012), the following are important steps in decision making process: Identify the purpose of decision making Gathering information Judging the alternatives Analyse different choices Evaluation of different alternatives Selection of best alternative Execution of decision Result evaluation The key results that would impact the future decision-making of Steve Rogers Delicacy are Customer feedback from canter van service Feedback from hospitality Customer's foot fall Quality of food The variety of dishes preferred by customers. Ray, (2008) states that the feedback from customers with regards to canter van service is vital. If the feedback is negative the canter van service will be stopped, and an alternative will be decided, and if the customer feedback is positive, the service will expand to different areas. The customer is the most important factor of any business. Catering to the customers' needs, tastes and preferences are vital. Proper service to the customers earns loyalty and increase the customer base further; poor service to the client will hamper the restaurants business, and as a result may decrease sales and customer support. Management should decide the proper and efficient way to provide proper hospitality, so it may customer footfall ultimately benefiting the business. Customer footfall depends on Steve Rogers Delicacys marketability, presentation and hospitality and food quality. Managements decision-making process should include these four factors so as to increase the businesses viability and profitability. The main asset of a restaurant is its quality of food stated by Santosuosso, (2014). If customers like the quality of food of Steve Rogers Delicacy, the management may decide to increase the quality further so as to attract more customers. Customers taste, and preferences vary widely. Deciding the right items on a menu is an important task. Too many varieties on the menu will increase the cost of sales. So deciding the right variety of food items on the menu is important, keeping in mind the location where the restaurant is situated and the type of customers that come to the restaurant. According to the Kampf et al (2016) Steve Rogers Delicacy has shown promise of profitability, growth and stability by earning a profit margin of 15% in the FY 2016. The investors who are interested in investing in Steve Rogers Delicacy should take into consideration the proposed product mix application into their decision making process. From the appendix below it is seen that product B contributes 25% in total sales compared to product A, which contributes 10.5% to the business. Thus from the calculation below it can be incurred that the production of product B (Sausage Rolls) will prove to be more profitable for the business. From the weighted average contribution margin it can be stated that if the company produce 108720 units of product B by sacrificing product A, the company will earn $69264 more profit. Thus the product mix table depicts that if the company the company computes the WACM to its decision making process, it will have a profitable and a stable future. The (Kane, 20 13), states that though the price per unit of product A is more than product B, product B provides more contribution to the business than product A. So it can be stated that Sausage roll (B) is a more contributing product earning higher profit. In case of subsequent years also, respective profit figures have been calculated. Net profit for the 2nd year stands at $ 105,036 in the proposed situation and $ 115,540 in the 3rd year in the similar context. Conclusion: From the above case study it can be incurred that the decision making process of the management is justified by including the balanced scorecard approach and the triple bottom line initiatives into the businesses projection of profitability and viability. The management has used various methods to come to a sound decision for the proposed investors. The weighted average contribution margin and contribution margin ratio has helped Steve Rogers Delicacy decide which product will be profitable for the business. The breakeven point has helped the business to calculate the safety margin required. Therefore, it can be concluded that the culmination of the calculations in the case study states that product B (Sausage Roll) is more profitable to produce. The investors should look into this factor before investing, as favorable product mix results in increased profitability and sustainability in the long run. References: Barter, N. (2015). W(h)ither ecology? 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How to Hire a Ghostwriter to Increase Your Business - The Writers For Hire

HOW TO HIRE A GHOSTWRITER TO INCREASE YOUR BUSINESS As a business owner, you’re constantly looking for ways to increase your profitability. And to do that, you probably spend a lot of time focusing on things like increasing sales, reducing expenses, and improving employee productivity. But did you know that hiring a ghostwriter can also improve your bottom line? Let’s talk about the ways a ghostwriter can increase sales, cement your place as an expert, and possibly help you disrupt your industry. And then we’ll show you how to hire the right one successfully. What is a Ghostwriter? Not everyone writes their own content. For instance, the blog you read by your favorite industry leader may be written by a ghostwriter. And that thought leadership piece that prompted you to take action with its thoughtful and logical presentation? Chances are, a ghostwriter penned those words. What about that business book you used to gain so much inspiration? You guessed it — there’s a good possibility a ghostwriter wrote that, too. If you’re like most business people, you have a talent that makes you good at what you do. And frequently, that talent doesn’t involve writing for the public. And that’s where ghostwriters come in. These specialists learn all they can about a topic by interviews and research, and then write books, blog posts, and all other written forms of communication in someone else’s name. They are masters at what they do, but they don’t care about recognition. Instead, their passion is making their clients look good. Sometimes ghostwriters work on one project, such as a book. Other times, they become part of the company team and create all of the written materials for a business. What Can a Ghostwriter Do for My Business? The spread of information is the foundation of most marketing campaigns. Consumers want to understand and know the companies they buy from, and savvy entrepreneurs use various forms of content to help brand their business. That’s why most successful companies use written communication to reach the public. And that communication comes in many forms — and each has different benefits. Here’s an idea of how today’s successful businesses use words to convey their message. Books: Some of the biggest brands in any industry have published books to solidify their brand in the public consciousness. For instance, the CEOs of Zappos, Starbucks, Nasty Girl, Clif Bar, and Whole Foods have all written books that help brand their business. But many CEOs and business leaders don’t write their own books. After all, a book takes months of hard work and concentration, and typically, the people who run companies don’t have an abundance of time. Instead, they rely on ghostwriters to do the job for them. And because the ghostwriter stays in the background, the CEO gets all the credit and benefits of the book. Blogs: It’s hard to imagine any successful business today that operates without a blog. Blogs are the best way to reach potential customers and let existing customers know that you’re in touch with the needs of your clients. But who has time to come up with the ideas and write blog posts a couple of times a week? Ghostwriters, that’s who. And the great thing about hiring a ghostwriter to write your blog posts is that soon, they will become an expert in your field. And they will use all that knowledge to create blog posts that keep your customers engaged and connected with your business. White papers and thought leadership pieces: When you want to secure your place as a leader in the industry, writing a white paper or thought leadership piece is a great way to make your mark. These documents are also an excellent vehicle for industry disruption.   But for the piece to make a difference, it must be well-researched and expertly presented. Chances are the thought of taking the time to write such an impactful piece is overwhelming to most business leaders. And that’s why they hire ghostwriters. These writers are expert at interviewing and extracting just the right information to present it in a professionally written piece. The result is that the company who publishes the pieces receives all the acclaim — without doing any of the writing. Request For Proposals (RFPs): If you bid on government contracts, you’re familiar with RFPs. And if you’ve ever tried answering one of the complicated documents, you understand why so many people hire ghostwriters to do the job for them. Those writers who specialize in RFPs have a system that not only make the process easier, but it also increases the chances of a winning bid. Keep in mind that most ghostwriters aren’t limited to just one form of writing. But each writer probably has a specialty where they excel. And that’s why many business owners hire a company that employs multiple ghostwriters. These companies match each project with the writer who specializes in that area. It’s a great way to ensure that the ghostwriter you hire is an expert in your field. How to Hire a Company Ghostwriter Now that you understand the ways a ghostwriter can enhance your company brand, communicate with potential and existing customers, and establish credibility among your peers in the industry, let’s talk about how to look for and hire the right ghostwriter for your business. You have two options when it comes to hiring a ghostwriter. You can hire a freelance ghostwriter from sites like UpWork, or you can hire a company that specializes in the practice. Freelance Ghostwriters While it’s entirely possible to hire a quality freelance ghostwriter, you will have to do more due diligence to ensure the writer fits your needs. Think about it: anyone can claim they’re a ghostwriter, but not everyone’s skills are up to par. If you decide to hire a freelance ghostwriter, you can post a job on sites like UpWork, or you can run an ad on places like Craigslist, Indeed, or FlexJobs. If you decide to go this route, be sure to adhere to the following steps to avoid hiring a ghostwriter who won’t deliver the content you want. Ghostwriting Companies You can increase your chances of success by hiring a ghostwriting company. These businesses are expert at all things ghostwriting and employ multiple writers so they can successfully fulfill every writing project. The benefit of working with a ghostwriting company is that you can look for online reviews, Better Business Listings, and ask for referrals. Define Your Project Once you determine where you will hire your ghostwriter, it’s time to begin preparing for the interviews. Your first in the preparation process is to define your project. Start by stating what you need the ghostwriter to write. Is it a book? How many pages do you anticipate it will be? Will you make yourself available for interviews once a week? A few times a week? If you’re hiring a ghostwriter to write blog posts, how many will they write? Is it a one-time post, or do you want them to post to your blog several times a week? The better you define your project, the easier it will be for the ghostwriter to give you a bid and complete the project successfully. Experience Counts To hire the best ghostwriter for your project, you need to ask about their experience. You should hire a ghostwriter who has experience writing the types of content that your project demands. For example, if you want to hire a ghostwriter to write a book, the writer you choose should have experience writing books. And if you want to hire a ghostwriter for your corporate blog, the chosen writer should have plenty of experience writing blogs. Ask for References The ghostwriters you interview will all have past clients they can use as references. Ask the writer to provide information for references you can call. Ask for a minimum of three, and then call or email them and ask some questions. You can ask if the writer met their deadlines, how many revisions they required once the content was submitted, and how easy it was to work with the writer. In other words, did they take criticism to heart and improve when asked, or did they fight to do things their way, even when the client protested? One time or more? You also need to determine whether you want to hire the ghostwriter on a one-time basis or for an extended period. If you’re writing a book or a one-off white paper, you will probably only need the ghostwriter’s services one time. But if you plan to revamp your corporate content or hire a writer to take over your company blog, you can offer the writer a long-term gig. Can I Sample That? A ghostwriter is only as good as her writing samples. Every writer keeps samples to show prospective clients their voice and ability. Keep in mind, though, that not all ghostwriters can share everything they’ve written. For many jobs, writers are under non-disclosure agreements, so sharing their work would be a breach of the contract. To get around this, some ghostwriters keep personal samples or old work that is no longer under contract. When looking at the samples, you should note that ghostwriters are highly skilled at mimicking the voice of their client. While you can pay attention to the writer’s style, you should remember that in each sample that they show you, they were writing for that particular client. Every brand has a voice, so make sure you find a ghostwriter who understands and can best represent the voice of your company. When looking at the samples, you should note that ghostwriters are highly skilled at mimicking the voice of their client. While you can pay attention to the writer’s style, you should remember that in each sample that they show you, they were writing for that particular client. Every brand has a voice, so make sure you find a ghostwriter who understands and can best represent the voice of your company. What’s Your Budget? Ghostwriters vary in the way that they charge their clients. Some writers charge by the word, while others charge by the hour. When looking for a ghostwriter, you need to understand the billing practices of each writer you interview, so you can determine whether or not they fit in with your budget. Start by assigning a budget to the task. Then, as you interview each writer, give them the parameters of the project and ask for a bid. If they charge by the word, you can easily figure out how much the project will cost. And if they charge by the hour, ask them for an estimate of the time it will take them to complete the project. Be sure to ask about additional fees for edits or revisions. Is English Their First Language? The world has opened up, and writers from all around the world apply for writing jobs for an English-speaking audience. Some of these writers have great English skills, even if it’s not their native language. Others†¦not so much. If you’re writing to an English-speaking audience, your best chance of success is to choose a ghostwriter who speaks English as their native language. Set the Process in Motion If you follow all of the above steps and find the ideal ghostwriter, your next step is to set the project in motion. You’ll need to take a few steps to ensure the project runs smoothly and on time. Here are the steps you should take when meeting and interviewing ghostwriters for your project. You can interview them in person if it’s convenient, but most will prefer Skype or another form of online communication. Put It in Writing When hiring a ghostwriter, you should create a document outlining all of your guidelines for the project. In this document, include the word count, deadlines, and editing and revision guidelines. You can also include your brand and style guide as an attachment to this document. For instance, do you have a font you prefer? Or logo graphics you want to include in the document? Include your contact information to make scheduling interviews easier. Basically, include any information that will clarify your expectations and provide the ghostwriter with all they need to deliver a successful project. Set Budget Constraints By this time, you have a pretty good idea of the scope of your project and the ghostwriter’s fees, so you should be able to set a budget. Talk to the freelancer about your budget cap and make it clear that unless you give explicit permission, the project should not exceed it. Make sure you’re on the same page. Communication is Key If you establish a communication method from the start, it will make the project go smoother. Ask the ghostwriter if they prefer to use Skype, email, text, phone, Slack, or other forms of communication. We also suggest planning calls and/or meetings in advance, so that everyone can plan ahead and make sure to leave space in their schedules. Set Milestones If you’re hiring the ghostwriter for a long project such as a book, set some milestones, so they don’t go months without payment. While many ghostwriters will require a deposit up front (usually 50%), some will allow for payments to be made along the way. Or if the ghostwriter is writing your corporate blog, set up a biweekly or monthly payment schedule. Talk about Your Clients If the ghostwriter is going to be the face of your company for all written communications—or even if they are only completing one project such as a book—they need to understand your clients. Spend some time telling them about your typical customer, their needs, and how your business fills it. Then, to make sure the writer understands your unique selling proposition, ask them to sum it up in a sentence or two. Finalize it Once you’re satisfied that you’ve found the right ghostwriter, your last step is to put everything in writing, and both parties should sign the contract. It should include start and finish dates, payment amounts and timing of payments, the number of allowable revisions, communication expectations, and contingency items. For example, what happens if halfway through the project, the ghostwriter misses the deadline because they broke their arm in a car accident? Are You Ready to Hire a Ghostwriter? The process of hiring a ghostwriter can be intimidating. After all, you’re entrusting someone else to put written content in front of the public with your name on it. But if you follow the above steps and take your time to find the ideal candidate, the process will enhance your business.

Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia essays

Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia essays Imperialism is defined as the policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations, according to the dictionary. In order for this paper to exist, the following information must be made known. Simply put, the countries controlling the lovely IRs would be Russia, Britain, and France. However, the power over the countries shifted, and on certain occasions wasnt even there. Also, the pre-existing forms of government need to be related in order to understand the changes that occurred. Although Iraq and Saudi Arabia were under the control of the Ottoman Empire, Iran only fell to that fate for a few years. It was basically independent. Some time after 1355, Timur, a relative of Genghis Kahn, attempted to reinstitute Mongol rule. It didnt work out so well though. The Persians took their land back and gained power once again in 1501, with the Safavid dynasty. Afghans caused this dynasty to collapse. Then another Turk, Nader Shah, rid Iran of the Afghans. In 1747, he was assassinated. Civil war then broke out, placing the Zands against the Qajars. The Qajars won, and established a dynasty of the same name in 1747. All this eventually led to Imperialism. (Series Book: Cultures of the World, Iran/Iraq New York Time Editions Pre Ltd 1993) Wars caused most of the difficulty that left these nations susceptible to imperialism. Had it not been for their strategic location, Russia and Britain might never have become interested in these nations. Being situated, as it was, directly between these two warring countries, both wanted it to attack the other. Luckily for them, because of the recent civil wars, Iran was in need of finance. So it agreed to allow them to go through the country in return for loans. Both were glad to help. Britain also helped, and had been helping, with negotiations and treaties. For all this, obviously, Brit...

CRITIQUE ON CHAPTER 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CRITIQUE ON CHAPTER 7 - Essay Example An important feature of this chapter is that it assumes that the reader is familiar with material that has been presented in all the preceding chapters. The abstract ideas are critical here, but they rest on concepts that have already been thoroughly discussed such as resource allocation ( p. 8) and perception, action and cognition (p. 9). 2. The close link between media and physics was something of a surprise, since most f the earlier chapters were more concerned with biology, but on reflection this is the missing piece of the puzzle that makes all the earlier concepts hang together. Humans are made up of physical atoms, and the concept of forces interacting in the environment in a dynamic way helps to explain some of the interesting variables in media studies, like for example why some people react in one way to a media stimulus, (e.g. being scared at a horror film) while others act in another way (e.g. just laughing at the fake blood). A lot of factors contribute to how people feel about the horror film, and this was interesting. 3. The chapter ended with an intriguing statement about uncovering â€Å"a science of human communication that is applicable across media, cultures and environments† and I would like to have heard more about this. I suspect that such a science would be very technical, and hard to follow, since the abstract concepts are not easy to remember without concrete examples, but nevertheless this does explain the point behind all this heavy theorizing. I think perhaps the authors should have made this objective clearer at the beginning of the book. Some of the lengthy theory sections might have made more sense if the reader had been aware of this final objective. 4. We talked in class about the weather, as an example of how dynamic interaction takes place and this was a good way of teasing out the relationship between ever changing variables. I liked the

Strategic delivery of change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic delivery of change - Essay Example Change management process can be defined as an approach undertaken for transitioning organizations, individuals or teams so as to achieve the desired state in the future. This report deals with two different forms of approaches that can be incorporated so as to deliver strategic change in the organizational system. The problem identified in relation to the case of British Petroleum was accusation at the top management in terms of taking an active role so as to manage aftermath of the disaster of Deepwater Horizon. The major problem was that the organization followed a top down approach and as a result the disaster that could have been prevented by taking feedback from the person in charge of the project and the other workforce was not incorporated in the system. This in turn had resulted into that explosion and triggered a change throughout the organization so that innovative ideas and opinions can be incorporated by the organization for future growth and success. The other problem a rea was that the organization did not maintain transparency as well as proper communication channels with all the employees and neither with the public in relation to conveying the factors that led to the disaster and the initiatives that is taken by the top management so as to restrict such disasters in the future and align their operations towards being eco-friendly in nature. The report would aim at designing the approach that would communicate the change that is needed in the organization to every level and all the departments so as to ensure proper implementation of the change. Storytelling is one of the most dynamic approaches that are incorporated by many companies so as to illuminate needs for change and then generate response or actions. Storytelling approach at all its levels conveys the message to the employees on how they need